Even though ignorance of the electoral process is a threat to our peace, it is also the case that some acts of election violence are perpetrated by people who are knowledgeable about. The causes of violence and the effects of violence on community and individual health stephen c. Understanding electoral violence to better prevent it unowas. Economic activities remained stable and even increased during the years of peaceful elections in comparison to years of electoral violence.
I test the model using data on the 2010 elections in burundi. Electoral violence takes place more frequently in countries emerging from political instability, civil war, or coup. This research seeks to examine the causes and effects of post election violence on agricultural production in kesses division, uasin gishu county. Electoral seasons more than anytime else reveals the fragility and soft underbelly of the nigerian state. This study identifies drivers of electoral conflict and proposes policy responses for three diverse case studiessomaliland, cote divoire and kenya which face some risk of future electoral violence. This paper proposes a theoretical model of electoral violence which is tested and validated empirically. The dominant political parties in the first republic, namely. The results of the elections in 2005 can only be understood in the context of the violence of 2002 and 2008.
The importance, how to, effect causes relationship, comparison, history, role, solutions are discussed. A united approach to support the victims of violence is important so that those affected can cope with the consequences of violence. Since then, the trend line seems to be decreasing but still remains close to 50 percent. In line with the model, electoral violence before the election was more likely in municipalities characterized by both close political competition and high density of demobilized. Mar 17, 2016 zambia political violence and the hell of political cadres. A cost which must be paid by member states and africa as whole. Kenyan government officials were involved either directly or indirectly in stoking the ethnic hatred and inciting the violence that surrounded 2007s electoral results. Yale section of emergency medicine, department of surgery, yale school of medicine september, 2007 prepared as part of an education project of the global health education consortium and collaborating partners. Concerned at continuing patterns of violence around elections, the american friends service committee afsc recently commissioned a study of the causes of electoral violence and best practices for its prevention. This key prediction follows from the twostages structure of electoral competition and the assumptions that violence is costly both for authors and for victims. Strategies to prevent and manage electoral violence. Police officers right try to control suspected riotous upnd cadres at woodlands police. The following factors are responsible for electoral violence in nigeria. Political violence is violence perpetrated by people or governments to achieve political goals.
Even though ignorance of the electoral process is a threat to our peace, it is also the case that some acts of election violence are perpetrated by people who are knowledgeable about the electoral process and its rules and regulations. Causes and effects of postelection violence on agricultural. Strategies to prevent and manage electoral violence mainly focus on the perpetrators of violence, and the perspectives of the victims of such violence are often neglected. The impact of electoral violence on economic development.
The ineffectiveness and malfunctioning of the security forces also give people the impetus to stage electoral violence. The absence or presence of political violence during an electoral. The countrys electoral history is replete with narratives of flawed and disputed elections that have turned violent, resulting in numerous fatalities and reversing previous attempts at democratic consolidation. However, the election proceeded calmly, with only a few minor incidents. It can also describe politicallymotivated violence by nonstate actors against a state rebellion, rioting, treason or coup detat or against other nonstate actors.
The term electoral violence therefore means any act of violence perpetrated in the course of political activities, including pre. Pdf appraisal of the 2019 postelectoral violence in nigeria. Patterns of violence in the postelectoral period patterns, categories, phases killings by security forces during protests the interplay among structural causes, stakes, suppliers of violence and triggers triggers and inhibitors complex scenario with the threat of electoral violence annex 1. Our research showed that electoral violence is more likely when. To investigate the factors that influence the youth in electoral violence. Best practices for the prevention of electoral violence reliefweb. Elections, violence and conflict prevention ace electoral.
Understanding how electoral violence in uences behavior in elections is a fundamental part of understanding the mechanisms which drive electoral violence and will allow us to re ne existing theories. Causes of electoral violence in africa democracy chronicles. It can describe violence used by a state against other states or against nonstate actors most notably police brutality or genocide. Narratives of fear and memory were the dominant explanations for why the country averted mass violence. Strategies to prevent and manage electoral violence accord. A case study design employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore the impacts of electoral violence on economic development of kenya by examining data during and after election periods. Highly contested elections are characterised by electoral violence and high levels of uncertainty that negatively impact on economic activities of the country. Causes of electoral violence the causes of electoral violence are multifaceted, and can be divided into two broad categories.
What caused the 2005 electoral violence in ethiopia. The elections were massively rigged for instance, in the then oyo and ondo states, the two unity party of nigeria upn controlled states were declared for the ruling national party of nigeria npn. The study aims to explore some dynamics that can suggest possible ways to conceptualize electoral violence in zimbabwe. Because it then was able to emerge victorious in this and subsequent elections, albeit by using intimidation and electoral manipulation, zanu pf declared. Deliberate acts of violence by political party actors and disregard for rules and regulations.
The study was reliant on electoral violence theory by hoglund 2009. Electoral violence therefore is a form of anomic participation in the political process elaigwu, 2006. Because it then was able to emerge victorious in this and subsequent elections, albeit by using intimidation and electoral manipulation, zanu pf declared these results to be indicative of its popular support. The recent 2016 post election crisis in gabon12 that left scores dead seems to shows that electoral violence is an intractable phenomenon on the continent. The postelectoral violence recorded during the general election is one of the. In the first case, money is the cause of electoral violence, either relating to the state of the voters in general or affecting the incentive structures of political actors. Malawi was the least violent election examined in this study, and presents a compelling case for ability of prevention tools, in a supportive environment, to mitigate violence. Trends in electoral violence in nigeria, rasak bamidele2. It could be seen as any violence harm or threat of violence. In this paper, i perform an analysis of the conflict to examine why widespread violence erupted in the wake of kibakis presidential reelection. Political systems a re based on patronage and clientelism. And how does electoral violence influence conflict resolution and democracy.
The post electoral violence recorded during the general election is one of the. Violence still plagues approximately 20 to 25 percent of elections in africa. The countrys electoral history is replete with narratives of flawed and disputed elections that have turned violent, resulting in numerous fatalities and. The importance of these conditions varies with the type of violence clashes, intimidation or murders. Army of unemployed youth then becomes a tool for electoral violence. Election violence in sierra leone africa research institute. Electoral violence in nigeria electoral violence has been defined as any form of physical force applied at disorganizing the electoral process, destruction of electoral materials, and intimidating of the electorate to vote against their wish nweke, 2005. Electoral violence and the challenge of democratic. Existing research on the causes of electoral violence has focused on structural determinants and electionspecific characteristics but has paid. Electoral corruption and fraud, furthermore, the following could serve as incentives for electoral violence in nigeria. As a result, parties refrain from campaigning if they fear the harmful. The paper develops a model which predicts that electoral violence is more likely to emerge if two. Understanding how electoral violence in uences behavior in elections is a fundamental part of constructing accurate models of election violence.
Causes of electoral violence in africa written by ngah gabriel sous dir. Sep 08, 2018 causes of electoral violence in nigeria. Indeed, according to the cleen foundation, violence has been. Electoral violence is widespread in developing countries. This view is well supported by decisions of international human rights tribunals such as the african commission on human and peoples. The evidence showed that patrimonialism as the style of politics, the types of elections, the type of electoral system and election administration are the main causes of election violence in africa. Electoral violence in an african election can be seen manifested in various forms as physical assaults, arson the illegal use of fire to destroy a house, building or property, snatching of ballot boxes and murder. The afrobarometer survey data allows us to analyze 20 countries using round 4 and 34 countries using the round 5 data. A decade of electoral violence in africa, 2004 to 20 electoral violence has, in certain instances, catalyzed prolonged political conflict. Mar 11, 20 electoral violence is more than just physical violence.
Tensions were widespread throughout the entire electoral cycle, but in the end only three casualties were reported. The evidence showed that patrimonialism as the style of politics, the types of elections, the. The paper studies if electoral violence is driven by i political competition ii the distribution of violent supporters and iii the ethnic distribution. To examine the factors that cause electoral violence in wa municipality. Amid early preparations for the 2012 presidential, parliamentary and local council elections, these notes examine the causes of electoral strife, and suggest measures for mitigating future violence. Get free research paper on effects of electoral violence on nigeria democracy 2007 2011 a case study of south west our project topics and materials are suitable for students in nigeria with case studies. To examine the role the media play in electoral violence.
Zambia political violence and the hell of political. Weakness of electoral management bodies embs is identified in several studies as a cause of election violence. Conflict analysis of 2007 postelection violence in kenya. Patterns of violence in the post electoral period patterns, categories, phases killings by security forces during protests the interplay among structural causes, stakes, suppliers of violence and triggers triggers and inhibitors complex scenario with the threat of electoral violence annex 1. Electoral violence is more than just physical violence.
Electoral violence reared its ugly head again during the highly controversial 1983 general elections. More specifically, the study will analyze the underlying conditions and triggering factors for this violence by focusing on three core areas. Causes of electoral violence in africa written by ngah. What factors that influence the youth in electoral violence. The article then surveys what we have learned about the causes and consequences of electoral violence, identifies important research gaps in. The remote causes of electoral violence are often related to the poorly managed, illmanaged, or unmanaged crises. I present a theoretical model of electoral competition in. Election violence is regarded as a subcategory of political. Again, it could be captured across the streets of africa that electoral violence is been instigated as a result of the culture of impunity.
Key findings from afscs shared security, shared elections report. The afrobarometer survey data allows us to analyze 20 countries. Support for political parties is polarised on ethnic and regional lines, and underwritten by patronage. The findings suggested that electoral month was significantly affected by electoral violence in comparison to the electoral year.
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